Violent Conflict and Informal Justice System: Evidence from a Conflict Zone in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i2.54Keywords:
Violent Conflict, Informal Justice System, Trust on Ordered InstitutionsAbstract
Conflicts have a variety of economic, social, and institutional consequences. This study considers the conflict episode of district Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, and examines its impact on the individuals’ preferences with regard to justice structure in a society. To search the underlying causal impact, this study identify district Buner – a neighboring district, as a control group. This study collects data from a randomly selected 400 households in each district and applies the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design (SRDD) estimation techniques. The OLS findings suggest that the occurrence of violent shock strengthens informal justice system. Whereas, the fall in trust on ordered institutions is observed a potential channel that enhances the efficacy of informal justice system. Additionally, the SRDD estimates confirm that the intensity of change in the structure of informal justice system varies across the location of the individuals. Alternatively, the informal justice system relatively more strengthens in the regions that remain highly exposed to the conflict as compared to the moderately and least affected areas.
References
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2013). Why Nations fail-the origins of power, prosperity and poverty. ld Econo, 2, 118-121.
Adams, J., & Neale, W. C. (1997). Institutions, transactions, and rationality: Evidence from Indian village studies. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 20(2), 139-156.
Allen, T., & Macdonald, A. (2013). Post-conflict traditional justice: a critical overview.
Arjona, A. (2014). Wartime Institutions A Research Agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(8), 1360-1389.
Arjona, A. (2010). “Social Order in Civil War.” PhD diss. Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Aron, J. (2003). Building institutions in post?conflict African economies. Journal of International Development, 15(4), 471-485.
Balcells, L. (2012). The consequences of victimization on political identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics & Society, 40(3), 311-347.
Bateson, R. (2012). Crime victimization and political participation. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 570-587.
Bauer, M., Blattman, C., Chytilová, J., Henrich, J., Miguel, E., & Mitts, T. (2016). Can war foster cooperation?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 249-74.
Bircan, C,. Brück, T., & Vothknecht, M. (2017). Violent conflict and inequality. Oxford Development Studies, 45(2), 125-144.
Blattman, C. (2009). From violence to voting: War and political participation in Uganda. American political Science review, 103(2), 231-247.
Capp, M. (2018). Developing a Conceptual Measurement Framework for Measuring Access to Justice in Post-Conflict Settings (Doctoral dissertation, Royal Roads University (Canada)).
Chirayath, L., Sage, C., & Woolcock, M. (2005). Customary law and policy reform: Engaging with the plurality of justice systems.
Collier, P. (1999). On the economic consequences of civil war. Oxford economic papers, 51(1), 168-183.
Czaika, M., & Kis-Katos, K. (2009). Civil conflict and displacement: village-level determinants of forced migration in Aceh. Journal of Peace Research, 46(3), 399-418.
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2010), “Informal Justice Systems, How to Note”.
De Luca, G., & Verpoorten, M. (2011). From vice to virtue? Civil war and social capital in Uganda (No. 298). LICOS Discussion Paper.
Dempsey, J., & Coburn, N. (2010). Informal Dispute Resolution in Afghanistan. US Institute for Peace, Special Report of, 9.
Engel, S., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2007). Displacement due to violence in Colombia: A household-level analysis. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 55(2), 335-365.
Faundez, J. (2003). Non-State Justice Systems in Latin America. Case Studies: Peru and Colombia. In workshop held at the Overseas Development Institute on (pp. 6-7).
Faundez, J. (2006). Should Justice Reform Projects Take Non-State Justice Systems Seriously? Perspectives from Latin America. The World Bank Legal Review, 2, 113-139.
Gáfaro, M., Ibáñez, A. M., & Justino, P. (2014). Local Institutions and Armed Group Presence in Colombia (No. 178). Households in Conflict Network.
Gambetta, D. (1996). The Sicilian Mafia: the business of private protection. Harvard University Press.
Gutiérrez Sanín, F., & Barón, M. (2005). Re-stating the state: Paramilitary territorial control and political order in Colombia (1978-2004).
Hodgson, G. M. (2006), ‘What are Institutions?’. Journal of Economic Issues, 40: 1–25.
Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda. Perspectives on politics, 2(04), 725-740.
Isser, D., Lubkemann, S. C., Saah Charles, N. T., Addison, A., Ndebe, J., Saye, G., & Sandefur, J. (2009). Looking for justice: Liberian experiences with and perceptions of local justice options. US Institute of Peace.
Justino, P. (2009). Poverty and violent conflict: A micro-level perspective on the causes and duration of warfare. Journal of Peace Research, 46(3), 315-333.
Justino, P., Leone, M., & Salardi, P. (2013). Short-and long-term impact of violence on education: The case of Timor Leste. The World Bank Economic Review, 28(2), 320-353.
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge University Press.
Kalyvas, S. N., Shapiro, I., & Masoud, T. E. (Eds.). (2008). Order, conflict, and violence (p. 397). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kalyvas, S. N., & Kocher, M. A. (2007). Ethnic cleavages and irregular war: Iraq and Vietnam. Politics & Society, 35(2), 183-223.
Kerrigan, F., McKay, A. L., Kristiansen, A., Kyed, H., Dahl, L., Dalton, P., & Vehils, M. (2012). Informal Justice Systems: Charting a Course for Human Rights-Based Engagement.
Kaplan, O. R. (2010). Civilian Autonomy in Civil War (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University).
Leon, G. (2012). Civil conflict and human capital accumulation the long-term effects of political violence in perú. Journal of Human Resources, 47(4), 991-1022.
Melander, E., Pettersson, T., & Themnér, L. (2016). Organized violence, 1989–2015. Journal of Peace Research, 53(5), 727-742.
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge university press.
Olsson, O. (1999). A microeconomic analysis of institutions. Goteborg University Working Papers in Economics, (25).
Ostrom, E. (2015). Governing the commons. Cambridge university press.
Parkinson, S. E. (2013). Organizing rebellion: Rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 418-432.
Petersen, R. D. (2001). Resistance and rebellion: lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
Philip, C. (2010). The Gacaca courts, post-genocide justice and reconciliation in Rwanda: justice without lawyers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Philip, C. (2009) ‘Book Review: Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences ed: Luc Huyse and Mark Salter, International IDEA, February 2008’ International Journal of Transitional Justice Vol 1:6
Primoratz, I. (2005, March). Civilian immunity in war. In The Philosophical Forum (Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 41-58). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Riley, D. (2005). Civic associations and authoritarian regimes in interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in comparative perspective. American Sociological Review, 70(2), 288-310.
Ricken, J. (2013). The Rule of Law and Informal Justice Systems: A Potential Conflict in Judicial Development.
Röder, T. J. (2012). Informal justice systems: challenges and perspectives. Innovations in Rule of Law, 58.
Sivakumaran, S. (2009). . Identifying An Armed Conflict Not Of An International Character. In The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court (pp. 361-380). Brill Nijhoff.
Skarbek, D. (2011). Governance and prison gangs. American Political Science Review, 105(4), 702-716.
Skocpol, T. (1992). Protecting soldiers and mothers (Vol. 992). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Staub, E. (2012). Genocide, mass killing, and violent conflict: Prevention and reconciliation. In The Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict.
Thorne, K. (2005). Rule of Law through imperfect bodies? The informal justice systems of Burundi and Somalia.
Tobin, B. M. (2011). Why Customary Law Matters: The Role of Customary Law in the Protection of Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights (Doctoral dissertation).
Vel, J. A. (2011). Policy research on Access to Justice in Indonesia: A review of World Bank and UNDP reports. Law, Social Justice & Global Development (An Electronic Law Journal).
Voigt, S. (2013). How (not) to measure institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 9(1), 1-26.
Voors, M. J., Nillesen, E. E., Verwimp, P., Bulte, E. H., Lensink, R., & Van Soest, D. P. (2012). Violent conflict and behavior: a field experiment in Burundi. American Economic Review, 102(2), 941-64.
Wickham-Crowley, T. P. (1992). Guerrillas and revolution in Latin America: A comparative study of insurgents and regimes since 1956. Princeton University Press.
Wojkowska, E. (2006). Doing justice: How informal justice systems can contribute. United Nations Development Program. Oslo Governance Centre.
Wourji, T. W. (2012). Coexistence between the Formal and Informal Justice Systems in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. African Journal of Legal Studies, 5(3), 269-293.
Wood, R. M. (2010). Rebel capability and strategic violence against civilians. Journal of Peace Research, 47(5),601-614.
