Impact of Loneliness and Depression on Social Isolation of Third Gender in Multan: An Analysis

Authors

  • Siraj Hussain
  • Shahzad Farid
  • Muhammad Zahid
  • Sajjad Hussain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i1.20

Keywords:

Social Isolation, Loneliness, Third Gender, Sexual Orientation

Abstract

This study was conducted in the sphere of lonely and socially isolated third gender as their lingering agony is not realized by mainstream society. The major objective of the study is to explore the impact of loneliness and depression on social isolation of third gender. Researcher collected data from randomly selected 100 eunuchs from Multan city, using self-administered questionnaire and face-to-face interview schedule. Researcher explored that loneliness significantly affected social isolation (p<.05). The study concluded that loneliness produced social isolation among third genders in Multan. The study further suggested that social inclusion of third gender in main fabric of society through their participation in social institutions.

References

Nanda, S. (1986). The Hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role. Journal of Homosexuality, 11(3-4), 35-54.

Kuefler, M. (2001). The manly eunuch: Masculinity, gender ambiguity, and Christian ideology in late antiquity. University of Chicago Press.

Bullough, V. L., Bullough, V. L., & Bullough, B. (1993). Cross dressing, sex, and gender. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sharma, P. (2012). Historical background and legal status of third gender in Indian society. International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences, 2(12), 64-71.

Herdt, G. (2012). Third sex, third gender–Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history.

Abbas, T., Nawaz, Y., Ali, M., Hussain, N., & Nawaz, R. (2014). Social adjustment of transgender: A study of District Chiniot, Punjab (Pakistan). Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 61-61.

Elifson, K. W., Boles, J., Posey, E., Sweat, M., Darrow, W., & Elsea, W. (1993). Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. American Journal of Public Health, 83(2), 260-262.

Nanda, S. (2015). Hijras. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, 501-581.

Abdullah, M. A., Basharat, Z., Kamal, B., Sattar, N. Y., Hassan, Z. F., Jan, A. D., & Shafqat, A. (2012). Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study. BMC international health and human rights, 12(1), 32.

Carraro, L., Weinzierl, S., & Hunt, S. (2004). A quantitative assessment of social exclusion in Pakistan. Report prepared for DFID). Oxford Policy Management Group: Oxford.

Pamment, C. (2010). Hijraism: Jostling for a third space in Pakistani politics. TDR/The Drama Review, 54(2), 29-50.

Reddy, G. (2006). With respect to sex: Negotiating hijra identity in South India. Yoda Press.

Ahmad, J. (2010). Sexuality and Gender in Conflict: Residential Patterns of Eunuchs (Hijra) in Pakistan. Humanities and Social Sciences, 17.

Rehan, N., Chaudhary, I., & Shah, S. K. (2009). Socio-sexual behaviour of hijras of Lahore. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 59(6), 380.

Khan, S. (2016). What is in a name? Khwaja Sara, Hijra and Eunuchs in Pakistan. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 23(2), 218-242.

Farid, S., Luqman, M., Saleem, M. Z., Saad, A., Khan, W. A., Arshad, S., & Warraich, I. A. (2014). Social isolation within family: an analysis of old age citizens. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 1300-1311.

Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3), 472.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory (BDI-II). Pearson.

Rook, K. S. (1984). Research on social support, loneliness, and social isolation: Toward an integration. Review of Personality & Social Psychology.

Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation.

Khan, S. I., Hussain, M. I., Parveen, S., Bhuiyan, M. I., Gourab, G., Sarker, G. F., ... & Sikder, J. (2009). Living on the extreme margin: social exclusion of the transgender population (hijra) in Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 27(4), 441.

Mal, S. (2015). Let us to live: Social exclusion of Hijra community. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(4), 108-117.

Abdullah, M. A., Basharat, Z., Kamal, B., Sattar, N. Y., Hassan, Z. F., Jan, A. D., & Shafqat, A. (2012). Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study. BMC international health and human rights, 12(1), 32.

Kalra, G., & Shah, N. (2013). The cultural, psychiatric, and sexuality aspects of hijras in India. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14(4), 171-181.

Victor, C., Scambler, S., & Bond, J. (2008). The social world of older people: Understanding loneliness and social isolation in later life: Understanding loneliness and social isolation in later life. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Chakrapani, V. (2010). Hijras/transgender women in India: HIV, human rights and social exclusion.

Kalra, G. (2012). Hijras: The unique transgender culture of India. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 5(2), 121-126.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-30

How to Cite

Hussain, S., Farid, S., Zahid, M. ., & Hussain, S. (2020). Impact of Loneliness and Depression on Social Isolation of Third Gender in Multan: An Analysis. Review of Education, Administration & Law, 3(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v3i1.20