Concord between Palestinian Resistance and Literature: A Historico-Literary Analysis of Darwish’s Works
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i1.115Keywords:
Resistance Literature, Palestinian Conflict, Exilic Perspective, Issues of Identity, Mahmoud DarwishAbstract
This research explores the last seventy years of the Palestinian Arabs’ political struggle for their recognition as a sovereign nation-state as reflected in the poetic and prose works of Palestinian national poet, Mahmoud Darwish (1941-2008). Given the relationship between life and literature, the Palestinian situation can be best revealed through their own cultural productions, especially literature. Darwish has utilized his sense of exile and cultural memory to realize the ideals of Palestinian home and its requisite identity. His writings constitute an integral part of Palestinian resistance literature. His works are reflective of a deep aesthetic sense coupled with a profound political understanding of the ground facts within and outside Palestine. He contests the legitimacy of a sustained foreign occupation and at the same time stresses the need of preserving national cultural heritage. He stresses the need of both intellectual and political resistance to the gradual encroachment caused by the colonial settlement regime. The present research has sought to figure out the dimensions of Darwish’s poetic and intellectual contribution to the volatile geopolitical issue of the resistance to a hegemonic control.
References
Abrams, A. (2009). Darwish's Revenants. Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture.
Akash, M., & Forche, C. (2013). Introduction. In M. Darwish, Unfortunately It Was Paradise. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Al Jazeera Media Network. (2020, January 12). Retrieved from Al Jazeera: https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/the-failed-deals-of-the-century/index.html
Antoon, S. (2013). Foreward. In M. Darwish, Memory for Forgetfulness. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Balfour Declaration. (2007). Redmond, WA, Redmond, WA: Microsoft Encarta (DVD).
Blumenthal, M. (2015). The 51 Day War. London: Verso.
Blumenthal, M. (2015). The 51 Day War. London: Verso.
Bregman, A. (2015). Cursed Victory : A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories. Stirlingshire: Penguin Random House UK.
Calis, I. (2015, January 13). Al-Shabaka. Retrieved from https://al-shabaka.org/commentaries/beyond-the-apartheid-analogy-time-to-reframe-our-palestinian-struggle/#return-note-4057-1
Castle, G. (2007). The Blackwell Guide to Literary Theory. MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Chomsky, N. (1989). Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. South End Press.
Chomsky, N. (1999). Fateful Triangle. London: Pluto Press.
Cohen, H. (2016, June 11). Monoweiss. Retrieved from http://mondoweiss.net/2016/06/a-human-in-our-midst/?utm_source=Mondoweiss+List&utm_campaign=94c3f1c21e-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b86bace129-94c3f1c21e-398515133&mc_cid=94c3f1c21e&mc_eid=b8461802e7
Cramer, R. B. (2005). How Israel Lost: The Four Questions. New York: Simon & Schuster .
Darwish, M. (2000). The Adam of Two Edens. (M. Akash, Ed., & S. A. Hussain Haddawi, Trans.) New York: Syracuse University Press.
Darwish, M. (2005). Victims of a Map: A Bilingual Anthology of Arabic Poetry. (A. al-Udhari, Trans.) London: Saqi Books.
Darwish, M. (2007). The Butterfly's Burden. (F. Joudah, Trans.) Washington: Copper Canyon Press.
Darwish, M. (2008). Welcome. In A. S. Hamilton (Ed.), This is Not a Border. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Darwish, M. (2009). A River Dies of Thirst. (C. Cobham, Trans.) New York: Archipelago Books.
Darwish, M. (2009). Almond Blossoms and Beyond. (M. shaheen, Trans.) Massachusetts: Interlink Books.
Darwish, M. (2009). If I Were Another (1st ed.). (F. Joudah, Trans.) New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Darwish, M. (2009). Mural. (R. H. Berger, Trans.) London: Verso.
Darwish, M. (2009). The Red Indian's Penultimate Speech to the White Man. Harvard Review(36), 152-159. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/ 40346498
Darwish, M. (2010). Absent Presence. (M. Shaheen, Trans.) London: Hesperour Press Limited.
Darwish, M. (2010). Journal of an Ordinary Grief (2nd ed.). (I. Muhawi, Trans.) New York: Archipelago Books.
Darwish, M. (2010). State of Siege. (D. A.-h. Munir Akash, Trans.) New York: Jusoor and Syracuse University Press.
Darwish, M. (2010). State of Siege. (D. M. Munir Akash, Trans.) New York: Syracuse University Press.
Darwish, M. (2011). In the Presence of Absence. (S. Antoon, Trans.) Brooklyn: Archipelago Books.
Darwish, M. (2013). Memory for Forgetfulness. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Darwish, M. (2013). Unfortunately it was Paradise. (c. F. Munir Akash, Trans.) California: University of California Press.
Darwish, M. (2014). Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone. London: Hesperus Press Limited.
Darwish, M. (2017). A Solo Performance. In M. Shaheen (Ed.), I Don't Want This Poem to End. Bloxham: Scyscraper Publications.
Darwish, M. (2017). On Exile. In I Don't Want This Poem to End. Bloxham: Skyscrapers Publishing Limited.
Darwish, M., & Joudah, F. (2005). On a Day Like Today, Jerusalem. The Kenyon Review, 27(3), 1-2. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4338742
Delahoyde, M. (n.d.). New Historicism. Retrieved October 3, 2014, from http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/new.hist.html
Eid, M. A. (2016). Mahmoud Darwish: Literature and the Politics of Palestinian Identity. London: I. B. Tauris.
Encarta. (2007). Microsoft Encarta. Redmond, WA.
Erakat, N. (2019). Justice for Some. California: Stanford University Press.
Gallahar, C., & Greenblatt, S. (2000). Practicing New Historicism. London: The University of Chicago Press Ltd.
Gilmour, L. (2009). Foreword. In A. Safty, Might Over Right. Reading: Garnet Publishing.
Greenblatt, S. (2005). The Greenblatt Reader. (M. Payne, Ed.) Hoboken: Wiley- Blackwell.
Gurian, D. B. (2021, January 12). Britannica. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodor-Herzl#ref3189
Harms, G. (2008). The Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Basic Introduction. London: Pluto Press.
Harms, G. (2017). The Palestine-Israeli Conflict: A Basic Introduction. London: Pluto Press.
Hijjawi, S. (Ed.). (1968). Poetry of Resistance. Ministry of Culture, Baghdad.
Hoffman, A. (2009). My Happiness Bears no Relation to Happiness. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Hughes, L. (1995). The Collected Poems of Langstone Hughes. (A. Dampersad, Ed.) New York: Vintage Books.
Huntington, E. (1919, January). The Future of Palestine. Geographical Review, 24-35. Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http://www.jstore.org/stable/207611
Huntington, E. (1923). Palestine And Its Transformation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
I Don't Want This Poem to End. (2017). Bloxham: Skyscraper Publicactions Limited.
Joudah, F. (2009, September 12). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/12/river-dies-thirst-diary-darwish
Jubran, S. (2008). The Image of the father in the Poetry of Mahmoud Darwish. In H. K. Nassar, & N. Rahman (Eds.), Mahmoud Darwish: Exile's Poet. Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press.
Kanafani, G. (2009). Palestinian Literature. In S. Hijjawi (Ed.), Poetry of Resistance in Occupied Palestine (S. Hijjawi, Trans.). Baghdad: Ministry of Culture Iraq.
Khalidi, R. (2007). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Cornwall: Oneworld Publications.
Khalidi, R. (2020). The Hundred Years' War on Palestine. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Khalili, L. (2007). Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kidron, P. (Ed.). (2004). Refusenik! London: Zed Books.
Kornberg-Weiss, M. (2014). Dear Darwish. New York: Blaze VOX [books].
Litvak, M. (2009). Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Maan News. (2016, September 22). Maan News. Retrieved from http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=773266
Macmillan Reference. (2005). Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. New York: Thomson Gale.
Marrouchi, M. (2004). Edward Said at the Limits. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Massad, J. (2006). The Persistence of the Palestinian Question. New York: Routledge.
MERIP. (2016, January 28). Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved from http://www.merip.org/china%E2%80%99s-stance-east-jerusalem
Milshtein, M. (2009). Memory 'from Below': Palestinian Society and the Nakba Memory. In M. Litvak, Palestinian Collective memory and National Identity (pp. 71-96). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Montefiore, S. S. (2011). JERUSALEM. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Neruda, P. (1972). Selected Poems. (N. Tarn, Ed.) New York: Delta.
Nusseibeh, S. (2009). Once Upon A Country. London: Halban Publishers.
Pappe, I. (2007). Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications Limited.
Prior, M. (2005). Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry. New York: Routledge; Taylor and Francis e-library.
Qasim, S. a. (1999). Mahmoud Darwish. Amman: Dar al Shuruq.
Rahman, N. (2008). Literary Disinheritance: The Writings of Home in the Works of Mahmoud Darwish and Assia Djebar. Plymouth : Lexington Books.
Said, E. (1995). The Politics of Dispossession. New York: Vinatge Books.
Said, E. (1996). Peace and its Discontents. New York: Vintage Books.
Said, E. (1999, January 10). New York Times. Retrieved from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/10/magazine/the-one-state-solution.html
Said, E. W. (2002). The End of the Peace Process. London: Granta Books.
Said, E. w., & Barsamian, D. (2003). Culture and Resistance. London: Pluto Press.
Shehadeh, R. (1992). The Sealed Room: Selections from the Diary of a Palestinian Living Under Israeli Occupation. London: Quartet Books.
Smith, A. (2015, March 13). MIddle East Minitor. Retrieved from https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20150313-memo-profile-mahmoud-darwish-15-march-1941-9-august-2008/
Sontag, S. (2004). Foreward. In P. Kidron (Ed.), Refusenik! (pp. xi-xvii). London: Zed Books.
Souief, A. (2012, August 18). Review. Saturday Guradian. Retrieved August 18, 2012
Thompson, T. L. (2011). Jerusalem as the Cit of God's Kingdom: Common Tropes in the Bible and the Ancient Near East. In S. K. jayyusi (Ed.), Jerusalem: The Thrice Loved Land. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.
Times of Israel. (2013, March 20). Retrieved from Times of Israel: http://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-obamas-speech-on-arrival-in-israel/
Webman, E. (2009). The Evolution of a Founding Myth. In M. Litvak, Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity (pp. 27-45). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Weir, A. (2013, May). If American Knew. Retrieved from http://www.ifamericansknew.org/media/distortion.html
Weir, A. (2014). Against Our Better Judgement. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Zogby, J. J. (2018). Palestinians The Invisible People. Detroit: Mondoweiss.
